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夏季高蛋白食材 需警覺菌害胺毒

夏天不只讓人汗流浹背,也讓餐桌上的食材變得格外「脆弱」。肉類、豆腐、魚類與海鮮這些富含蛋白質與水分的食材,是微生物最愛的溫床。當氣溫與濕度升高,細菌與黴菌的繁殖速度加快,稍有保存不當,食物就可能迅速變質。

 

蛋白變質釋毒胺  加熱也未能解毒

 

除了沙門氏菌、大腸桿菌等致病菌會引發急性食物中毒外,某些細菌會分解蛋白質產生「生物胺」(Biogenic amines),如組織胺(Histamine)、腐胺(Putrescine)、屍胺(Cadaverine)等,造成過敏、低血壓、心悸,甚至提高癌症風險。魚類和海鮮若遭產胺細菌污染(如摩根氏菌屬Morganella spp.、發光桿菌屬Photobacterium spp.),容易在短時間累積組織胺,引發皮膚發紅、噁心、呼吸困難等症狀。

 

細胞培殖研究指出,腐胺與屍胺在約 40 mM 的濃度下對腸道細胞有明顯毒性,而其中屍胺的毒性門檻值(NOAEL)僅約 20 mM,這濃度在某些正常食物中亦可能出現,具傷害風險。腐胺與屍胺還會抑制分解組織胺的酵素(二胺氧化酶),加重組織胺的毒性,並與食物中的亞硝酸鹽發生化學反應,產生致癌物亞硝胺(如 NDMANPIP)。

 

許多人以為高溫烹調能「殺菌除毒」,但動物實驗與模擬加熱測試發現,生物胺在高溫下不僅難以分解,還促使其與亞硝酸鹽的反應,生成致癌的亞硝胺。換言之,若食材在購買前已累積生物胺,即使徹底加熱仍是不安全的。

 

豆腐易藏腐敗菌  污染變質須警覺

 

2021 年加拿大發生豆腐引發的沙門氏菌集體感染,38 人染病,其中 5 人住院。調查發現問題豆腐未經充分殺菌,且生產環境不潔。豆腐雖為植物性食物,卻因高蛋白及高水活性(Water activity)的特性,在冷藏不足時,極易滋生細菌及釋放生物胺。韓國研究發現,包裝豆腐在 5°C 下可保存 25 天,但在 13°C 7 天,而在23°C 更縮短至 1 天。隨溫度上升,豆腐會變軟、變黃、變紅,都是變質徵兆。波蘭研究亦指出,手製的有機豆腐若殺菌不足,可能帶有較多中溫需氧菌與金黃葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus),增加中毒風險。

 

為提升安全,近期研究指出,乳酸菌發酵結合微波滅菌(MWS)技術可延長豆腐保存期限至 12 天,並保留水分與營養,為未來豆腐製程提供新方向。

 

真空包裝非萬靈丹  厭氧菌潛藏危機

 

肉類因富含蛋白及脂質,加上中性酸鹼值,極易成為微生物繁殖溫床。冷藏肉表面常被嗜冷菌(如乳桿菌Lactobacillus及明串珠菌  Leuconostoc)主導,分解糖分產生乳酸和醋酸,引發酸敗與異味。肉品腐敗主要因為三大機制:1)蛋白質與氨基酸被微生物分解,產生有異味的胺類與硫化物;2)脂質經氧化與水解後釋出油耗味物質;3)微生物分泌的多醣與酵素會破壞肉的組織結構,使表面變黏、失水並喪失彈性。

 

近年家用真空機普及,但研究顯示,若真空儲存肉類的操作環境不潔或冷藏溫度不夠,反而會助長如肉毒桿菌(Clostridium botulinum)的厭氧致病菌(即在無氧條件下生長得更好的病菌)生長,產生強神經毒素,造成中毒危機。研究也發現,真空下肉類中能在低氧/無氧環境中生存的細菌如發光桿菌(Photobacterium spp.)、拉氏菌(Rahnella spp.)與沙雷菌(Serratia grimesii),因為沒有普通致病菌的競爭,而成為優勢菌群,並在肉品內部產生黏液、有機酸與異味,即使肉外觀仍紅潤,也沒有明顯異常,實際上可能已經開始變質。

 

現代肉品保存技術如改變食品包裝內的氣體組成、以抑制腐敗菌及穩定肉質的氣調包裝(MAP),以及抗菌包裝膜,都能有效延長肉品的保鮮期限。另有研究指出,5°C 儲存結合抗氧化劑(如維他命 C),與真空搭配抗菌物質(如亞硝酸鹽),都能抑制肉毒桿菌與金黃葡萄球菌,提升食品安全。

 

夏季選蛋白來源  更應講究保存與品質

 

食物安全中心建議,肉類與豆腐等高蛋白食物應冷藏於攝氏 4 度或以下,或冷凍至 -18 度以下,並以密封容器分開存放,避免交叉污染。熱食也不應等完全放涼後才再冷藏,因為大部分細菌繁殖的最佳溫度是攝氏460 度。

 

夏季若擔心高蛋白食材保存困難,不妨選擇容易儲存的補充品。益纖蛋白提供優質大豆蛋白及 5 BC-30 芽孢乳酸菌,不僅能促進腸道健康、提升吸收率,還冷泡即溶、方便保存。加入飲品或果汁,就能同時補充蛋白與水分,維持體力與肌肉健康,一舉兩得。

 

 

參考資料/延伸閱讀:

 <益生第一關>2018/08/10--『食物安全︰隱形的敵人!如何避免食物致病

https://hskgene.com/blogs/probiolife-first/food_safety?_pos=16&_sid=56d2e117c&_ss=r

 

<益生第一關>2025/01/22--『大掃除清潔廚房 食物安全有保障

https://hskgene.com/blogs/probiofirst/kitchen_microbiome?_pos=13&_sid=a8ad8433d&_ss=r

 

<益生第一關>2024/07/31--『炎炎夏日運動營養 益纖蛋白更能補水』

https://hskgene.com/blogs/probiofirst/soyprotein_sports?_pos=19&_sid=916a172a9&_ss=r

 

Easy reading: 

Five Keys to Food Safety > Store| Centre for Food Safety | 13-6-2024

https://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/consumer_zone/safefood_all/five_keys_apply_store.html

 

Microbial spoilage of meat and meat products | Microbe Notes | 18-4-2021

https://microbenotes.com/microbial-spoilage-of-meat-and-meat-products/

 

How Do You Know If Your Tofu Has Gone Bad? | Food networks | 11-5-2023

https://www.foodnetwork.com/healthyeats/healthy-tips/how-to-tell-if-tofu-has-gone-bad-spoiled-expired

 

Should I Vacuum Package Food at Home? | National Center for Home Food Preservation

https://nchfp.uga.edu/resources/entry/should-i-vacuum-package-food-at-home

 

學會挑選蛋白質食材,若保存方式錯誤,影響風味之外,還可能變質 | Yahoo! 新聞 | 12-8-2024

https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E6%8C%91%E9%81%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%A3%9F%E6%9D%90-%E8%8B%A5%E4%BF%9D%E5%AD%98%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4-%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E9%A2%A8%E5%91%B3%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%96-%E9%82%84%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E8%AE%8A%E8%B3%AA-010046364.html

 

Google images:

High protein food spoilage  高蛋白質食物變質

 

學術論文:

Kim S, Kim S-H, Bang W-S. Changes in Quality of Expired Tofu During Storage at Different Temperatures. Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety. 2022;37: 80–86. doi:10.13103/JFHS.2022.37.2.80

https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO202213159119621.page

 

Pellissery AJ, Vinayamohan PG, Amalaradjou MAR, Venkitanarayanan K. Chapter 17 - Spoilage bacteria and meat quality. In: Biswas AK, Mandal PK, editors. Meat Quality Analysis. Academic Press; 2020. pp. 307–334. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-819233-7.00017-3

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128192337000173#s0015

 

Wójcik W, Łukasiewicz M, Puppel K. Biogenic amines: formation, action and toxicity a review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2021;101: 26342640. doi:10.1002/jsfa.10928

https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jsfa.10928

 

Akpomie OO, Ejechi BO, Banach AM, Adewuyi I, Ayobola ED, Akpomie KG, et al. Biogenic amine production from processed animal and plant protein-based foods contaminated with Escherichia coli and Enterococcus feacalis. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2022;59: 4880–4888. doi:10.1007/s13197-022-05576-0

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9579252/

 

del Rio B, Redruello B, Linares DM, Ladero V, Ruas-Madiedo P, Fernandez M, et al. The biogenic amines putrescine and cadaverine show in vitro cytotoxicity at concentrations that can be found in foods. Scientific Reports. 2019;9: 120. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36239-w

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6333923/

 

Drabik-Markiewicz G, Dejaegher B, De Mey E, Kowalska T, Paelinck H, Vander Heyden Y. Influence of putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine or spermine on the formation of N-nitrosamine in heated cured pork meat. Food Chemistry. 2011;126: 1539–1545. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.149

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814610015773

 

Osasah V. An Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Ready-To-Eat Tofu in Multiple Health Districts — Ontario, Canada, May–July 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2023;72. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7232a1

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7232a1.htm

 

Kukułowicz A, Zbawicka A. Safe soy: a microbiological face-off between organic and conventional tofu. Zywność. Nauka. Technologia. Jakosc. 2024;31: 106–114. doi:10.15193/zntj/2024/140/513

https://wydawnictwo.pttz.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/08_Kukulowicz.pdf

 

Liu Y, Liu H, Hao J, Li X, Li L, Yang X. Effect of sterilization methods on quality and storage characteristics of tofu fermented by lactic acid bacteria. Grain & Oil Science and Technology. 2025;8: 32–42. doi:10.1016/j.gaost.2024.12.001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590259824000657?utm_source=chatgpt.com

 

Dave D, Ghaly AE. Meat Spoilage Mechanisms and Preservation Techniques: A Critical Review. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences. 2011;6: 486–510. doi:10.3844/ajabssp.2011.486.510

https://thescipub.com/abstract/ajabssp.2011.486.510

 

Pennacchia C, Ercolini D, Villani F. Spoilage-related microbiota associated with chilled beef stored in air or vacuum pack. Food Microbiology. 2011;28: 84–93. doi:10.1016/j.fm.2010.08.010

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0740002010002212

 

Czerwiński K, Rydzkowski T, Wróblewska-Krepsztul J, Thakur VK. Towards Impact of Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) on Shelf-Life of Polymer-Film-Packed Food Products: Challenges and Sustainable Developments. Coatings. 2021;11: 1504. doi:10.3390/coatings11121504

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/11/12/1504

 

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