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晉升父親大轉變 身心發展助育兒

 

在地球眾多生物中,人類是少數由父母親一同養育下一代的物種,這亦是人類文明得以開展的原因之一。父親的角色在家庭、以至人類社會發展都十分重要。雖然大家都知母親早在懷孕時期,身體已經歷巨大變化以迎接新生命;但其實成為父親的身心變化亦有不少。

 

腦部及賀爾蒙變化 早在伴侶懷孕期已開始

日本有研究以功能性磁力共振技術(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, fMRI)比對三十多名有伴侶懷孕第一胎約二十周的準爸爸,與其他沒小朋友男仕的腦部。結果發現準爸爸早在伴侶懷孕初期,腦部中有關情緒處理及刺激反應的左額下回(Left inferior frontal gyrus)及杏仁核(Amygdala)已有激活反應;可見準爸爸的腦部在早在伴侶懷孕初期已開始有所準備。

及至懷孕後期,準爸爸的賀爾蒙變化更為明顯。美國有研究追蹤二百多名父親從伴侶孕晚期 (29到40周) 到孩子出生後10個月的賀爾蒙睪丸酮(Testosterone)變化。結果顯示準爸爸的睪丸酮由伴侶孕晚期起開始下降,到寶寶出生後數月,而在孩子約十個月大左右才回復到伴侶孕前的水平(亦另有其他地區研究指不會回復到之前水平)。睪丸酮俗稱「男性賀爾蒙」(其實男女都有,只是成年男仕身體的睪丸酮濃度遠超於女仕),是男仕發展肌肉、寬廣骨格及進取/侵略性行為(Aggressive behavior)等男性特徵的推手。而身體睪丸酮濃度降低,能令準爸爸先放下外向進取的性情,更傾向照顧孩子與家庭的父親身份。爸爸們現在或許會覺得自己應在周末抽多點時間留在家和小孩互動,而不老是往外跑;這便是成為父親後身心成長的表現。

 

遇見小生命 男女催產素作用大不同

嬰孩出生後,父親和初生嬰的接觸互動能刺激腦部分泌催產素(Oxytocin)及血管加壓素(Vasopressin)。於懷孕月母親的身體而言,催產素能促進分娩和製造母乳。但對大腦(不論男女)來說,催產素是社交關係的催化劑,能令人傾向與其他人發展新關係;故催產素又稱「戀愛賀爾蒙」。而催產素更與「快樂賀爾蒙」多巴胺(Dopamine)關係密切:催產素能刺激腦部分泌多巴胺,使人有愉悅的感覺,而這正面的感覺會驅使人們再令催產素分泌上升;這種正向反饋(Positive feedback)能促進父母對嬰孩的互動照顧。有不少研究指出,父親的血液催產素含量大都比未有小孩的男仕高;而其水平亦與其伴侶(母親)相似。

雖然和小孩互動刺激父母親的腦部功能,但其結果亦有些不同。嬰孩與母親互動主要刺激其管理情緒的杏仁核及催產素,能促進母親對小孩的親密照顧、及回應其生理需求(如餵食)。但在男性層面上,親子接觸却是激活父親的社會認知迴路(Social-cognitive circuits)及血管加壓素,令父親與其進行更多互動(如玩樂);而催產素能令父親更容易判別孩子的情緒,做出適當反應。父母親對接觸嬰孩的腦部反應雖然不太一樣,但同樣會令孩子感受到愛、令與催產素有關的大腦情緒及社會關係區域能健康發展。相對於媽媽無微不至的照顧,爸爸有更多時間專注於陪伴小孩、與其玩樂活動,照顧小孩社交及智力、技能方面的發展。這種精細的分工,原來早在人類的進化中已寫進基因裏。

成為父親後男仕比以住對家庭更有責任感;除了為口奔馳、提供生活經濟所需、更會在小孩互動中訓練其適應社會的社交生存能力;父親對孩子的重要性其實和懷胎十月的母親同樣重要。

爸爸們為家庭辛苦奔走,亦要好好照顧自己。隨著年齡增長,男性睪丸酮亦會隨之下降。睪丸酮除了是維持男性魅力的賀爾蒙外,亦是能影響細胞能量代謝的「長壽蛋白質」:去乙醯酶1 (sirtuins, SIRT1)的化合物之一。睪丸酮濃度下降可影響身體細胞,尤其是心血管細胞的衰老過程。前文介紹的β-煙酰胺單核苷酸(Nicotinamide mononucleotide,NMN)亦可能有所幫助,NMN在小鼠實驗中能提高SIRT1的活性及體內NAD+水平,從而減低細胞老化的影響、維持青春活力。市面上亦有NMN口含片,食用方便之餘更有助吸收,亦是給父親的保健好選擇。

祝各位爸爸父親節快樂!

 

精簡版於2021年6月17日晴報刊登

 

參考資料/延伸閱讀:

<益生第一關>2021/05/07--『懷孕産嬰傻三年? 身心康健須保養』

https://hskgene.com/blogs/probiolife-first/mothersday_pregnant

 

<益生第一關>2021/04/09--『NMN保細胞活力 能改善老化疾病』

https://hskgene.com/blogs/probiolife-first/nmn_antiaging

 

<益生第一關>2018/05/11--『一個母親節,滿足天下媽媽3個願望』

https://hskgene.com/blogs/probiolife-first/mothers_day_healthy_gift

 

 Easy Reading:

【父親節】從科學角度重新認識爸爸 另一半懷孕爸爸也有生理變化 | MamiDaily 親子日常|06-16-2021

https://mamidaily.com/article/91874/%E7%88%B6%E8%A6%AA%E7%AF%80-%E5%BE%9E5%E5%80%8B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6-%E9%87%8D%E6%96%B0%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98-%E7%88%B8%E7%88%B8-%E3%80%80%E5%8F%A6%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%8A%E6%87%B7%E5%AD%95%E7%88%B8%E7%88%B8%E4%B9%9F%E6%9C%89%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96

 

為父之道:男人當爸爸後身體和大腦有何變化 - 康健雜誌|康健雜誌|06-19-2020

https://www.commonhealth.com.tw/article/82011

 

A Father's Brain: Four Ways Fatherhood Affects the Brain | CBE|03-04-2017

https://www.cbeinternational.org/resource/article/mutuality-blog-magazine/fathers-brain-four-ways-fatherhood-affects-brain

 

How raising children can change a father’s brain | Aeon Essays|11-17-2020

https://aeon.co/essays/how-raising-children-can-change-a-fathers-brain

 

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