前文曾介紹與細胞青春活力有關的NAD+ ( Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;煙酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸) 及其種類繁多的補充劑,配合白藜蘆醇以提升效果;大家相信對這種「不老藥」有基本認識。科學界至今亦已發表不少有關NAD+及其補充劑的細胞及動物實驗研究,當中大部分都與老化過程及其疾病有關。
體內NAD+隨老化此消彼長
前文提到,老化細胞中NAD+數量是年青細胞的一半,故NAD+水平亦成為細胞活力的指標之一;這是NAD+製造減少而消耗增加的結果。有日本研究發現,年長小鼠的NAD+及製造轉化NAD+的蛋白酶:菸鹼胺磷酸核糖基轉移酶(Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase,NAMPT)的數量,在身體不同細胞中(如胰臟/白脂肪細胞及肌肉等)大幅減少;而老化引致的炎症及細胞氧化亦會減慢NAMPT製造NAD+的速度。另一方面,老化過程中DNA受損需消耗更多NAD+用於DNA修復、衰老令免疫細胞分泌更多CD38免疫因子,它亦是一種NAD降解酶(NADase),能降低體內NAD+含量。
在此消彼長的情況下,老化細胞中NAD+水平明顯較年青細胞低。細胞NAD+減少對不少與年齡有關疾病(如糖尿病及肥胖、心腦血管疾病、腦退化及認知障礙等)有影響。β-煙酰胺單核苷酸(Nicotinamide mononucleotide,NMN)是最接近NAD+的穩定前體;亦有不少以NMN作為NAD+補充劑的動物實驗亦指出,NMN能提升NAD+水平、改善年老實驗小鼠的健康活力,減低老化疾病的影響。
NMN調控血糖與脂肪代謝
高血糖、血脂及肥胖是年長人士常見的健康問題,它們亦與細胞的NAD+水平有所關聯。日本有團隊利用基因改造技術把小鼠的NAD+水平大幅降低,發現其胰島Beta細胞的受葡萄糖刺激胰島素分泌功能(Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, GSIS)及耐糖能力(Glucose tolerance)亦受到損害。而給這些小鼠注射NMN(500mg/kg)後,其血糖及胰島素在耐糖測試中能回復到正常小鼠的水平。而亦有類似實驗以高果糖/高脂飲食引發小鼠高血糖症狀,NMN對這些症狀都有正面幫助。另有研究發現,補充NMN能明顯改善年老小鼠的血糖問題,卻不會對沒有血糖問題的小鼠有影響。他們指出NMN以改變關於抗氧化、炎症、免疫反應和脂肪代謝的基因表達(Gene expression)來調控肝臟的胰島素反應。
NMN對脂肪代謝及肥胖亦有幫助。研究發現注射NMN(500mg/kg)和常做運動(每天45分鐘,每周六天)的高脂飲食肥胖小鼠的NAD+水平亦有所提升,它們的肝臟體積及三酸甘油脂(Triglycerides)含量都有明顯減少;可見NMN能有助脂肪代謝。另亦有長期(12個月)服用水溶NMN(100/300mg)的小鼠的隨年體重增長比沒有服用的小鼠低4-9%;而較高NMN劑量的小鼠在12個月後的脂肪組織(fat mass)較低而瘦體組織(lean mass)較多。可見NMN對代謝有關的健康問題有所幫助。
保護心臟 改善血管血流
不少年長人士亦有機會患上因心血管阻塞而造成的心肌梗塞,導致心臟細胞急性缺血壞死。而當血液再流入缺血區時有可能令細胞不能重新適應以壞死,造成再灌流損傷(Ischemia-reperfusion injury)。有小鼠實驗指出,NMN能刺激心臟細胞醣解(Glycolysis)以制造提供細胞能量的ATP、抑制受心肌梗塞再灌流的心臟細胞凋亡。除此之外,NMN亦能以保護心臟粒線體(Mitochondria)、減少發炎及抗氧化等功能保護小鼠心臟,避免心臟超出負荷而引發心臟衰竭。
隨著身體老化,供應血液及養份給身體細胞的微絲血管網絡亦會減少而變得疏落。有實驗給年長小鼠服用NMN(400mg/kg)兩個月,發現年長小鼠的微絲血管網絡密度增加、肌肉血流、含氧量及耐久力亦有所改善。NMN亦能改善因老化而造成的血管損傷及失去彈性。年長小鼠口服8星期NMN(300mg/kg),能改善供應血液給腦部的頸動脈(Carotid artery)的內皮細胞依賴性舒張(Endothelium-dependent dilation, EDD)功能。進一步硏究發現,NMN能增加血管膠原(Collagen)及彈性蛋白(Elastin)以修復血管;亦有報告指出NMN與增加小鼠血管中抗衰老的miRNA有關聯。
改善腦部退化及行為症狀
腦部血管及血流亦是維持腦部年輕健康的重要因素。有硏究指出,年長小鼠的腦部細胞在生長速度、新生血管形成及抗氧化能力等,都比年青細胞明顯遜色。而在細胞培養實驗中,NMN能令年長腦部細胞在這三方面效能都有顯著提升。亦有基因比對實驗表示,年長小鼠注射NMN後,有四成基因在年長小鼠神經血管中的表達(Expression)有轉向年輕小鼠水平的趨勢。
有針對年長小鼠腦部結構及認知行為的研究發現,NMN能令年長小鼠在記憶、學習新技能及認知變通(Cognitive flexibility)方面都有所改善。而它們在腦部前額葉皮質區(Prefrontal cortex)及海馬體(Hippocampus)因年長而增加的過氧化物水平亦隨注射NMN而有所減低、代表細胞活力的粒腺體膜電位(Mitochondrial membrane potential)上升、以及凋亡腦細胞數量減少等,都證明NMN能改善年長小鼠腦部結構及認知行為。而亦有不小鼠腦退化症(Alzheimer's disease)的實驗發現,NMN對腦退化症小鼠的腦部結構及認知行為等,都有裨益。
人體衰老是個漫長的過程,故科學家利用生長老化速度比人類快25至45倍的小鼠作為實驗基礎,研究NMN對身體老化及疾病的影響。例如有研究餵飼實驗小鼠水溶NMN長達一年(即人類約25年),發現NMN沒有明顯的毒性或有害作用;更能抑制與年齡相關的體重增加、增強能量代謝、促進體力、改善血糖血脂及眼功能等。目前NMN作為NAD+補充劑對人體實際效用的臨床研究尚在初步階段。NMN的短期安全性、可用劑量(最高500mg/每天)及藥物代謝特性(Pharmacokinetics)等亦已在臨床實驗得到證實。隨著更多臨床研究的開展,令我們對NAD+補充劑對改善人體老化的效用有更多的認知。
精簡版於2021年4月9日晴報刊登
參考資料/延伸閱讀:
<益生第一關>2020/02/26--『NMN與白藜蘆醇 青春常駐好拍檔』
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