精簡版於2021年10月22日晴報刊登
經過一番秋颱和東北季後風加持下,秋冬氣氛日濃,氣温和濕度都下降不少。秋冬乃呼吸道疾病高發季節,除要及時添衣、保持温暖、注意個人衛生外,維持腸道健康對呼吸系統保健亦非常重要。
中西醫學皆證實 腸道肺部息息相關
大家有試過大便的時候流鼻水嗎?感冒去看中醫時,除了感冒症狀外,為什麼中醫會特別留意患者的腸道狀態,如有否肚瀉/便秘等?中醫藥經典《黃帝內經》記載:「肺合大腸,腸者,傳導之腑。」。中醫學認為「肺與大腸相表裡」,肺部(呼吸道)和腸道是互相影響、互為表裡。
西方醫學近年亦興起「腸肺軸Gut-Lung-Axis」的理論,前文亦有所提及,如發炎性腸道疾病(Inflammatory Bowel Disease, IBD)和哮喘有關聯;以及吸入空氣污染物能影響IBD患者的腸道菌等,都引證了消化和呼吸系統相互影響的關係。而本文則集中提及腸道如何影響呼吸道健康。
肺部疾病腸關聯 腸道微生物和免疫同影響
慢性阻塞性肺疾病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD)常見於長者,是本港第二大呼吸道疾病(僅次於呼吸道感染) ,亦是2019年本港第九大殺手病,佔該年總死亡數字的2.8%。美國有研究跟進COPD患者病發及康復時的腸度滲透性,發現患者病發時腸度屏障受損,滲透性明顯較康復時高。可見腸道細胞和腸道菌組成的腸道屏障亦和肺部疾病有關。瑞士亦有研究追蹤COPD患者六年,發現在六年間病逝患者血液中的氧化三甲胺(trimethylamine-N-oxide, TMAO)含量中位數明顯較高。TMAO是由腸道細菌發酵未完全消化的動物性蛋白而成,近年已被發現和心血管疾病、大腸癌及糖尿病有關。韓國亦有分析大型全國健康調查發現,COPD患者患上IBD風險明顯較高;而COPD的嚴重程度亦會增加患上的IBD風險。可見肺部疾病與腸道健康的關係密切。
有小鼠研究指出,引致肺部發炎的ILC2淋巴細胞是由小腸的淋巴組織製造,直接經由血液到達肺部引致發炎。亦有研究發現,以高纖飲食(果膠,pectin)餵飼小鼠兩個月,其體內短鏈脂肪酸丁酸鹽(Butyrate)水平全面上升;它們的呼吸道過度反應(Airway HyperResponsiveness)指數亦較低。研究團隊再以移植細菌到無菌小鼠的實驗證實,腸道益菌產生的丁酸鹽能抑制引致肺部發炎的ILC2淋巴細胞,從而減低呼吸道過度反應。故此腸道除能直接以免疫細胞影響肺部外,腸道益菌所產生的短鏈脂肪酸亦對呼吸道有所影響。
蔬果纖維益生菌 利腸護肺保健康
健康飲食對腸道健康固然重要,亦是維持呼吸系統健康的方法之一。美國有涉及萬多人的大型調查硏究發現,膳食纖維攝取量為最低的四分之一參與者,其血液中的反映炎症指數的「C反應蛋白」(CRP, C-reactive protein)比最高的膳食纖維攝取的組別高1.6倍,患上哮喘的風險亦越高。而喘氣、咳嗽及帶痰等症狀亦與低膳食纖維飲食有關。瑞典亦有追蹤研究觀察二千多名兒童,發現在八歲時攝取較多水果及抗氧化物的兒童,在兒童期及成年後患上哮喘的風險較低。蔬菜水果及膳食纖維不單對腸道有益,對呼吸系統健康同樣重要。
維持腸道微生物平衡亦能增強免疫力、預防呼吸道疾病。紐西蘭有研究邀請30名六十歲以上長者,分三個(每個為期三周)階段,每天兩次飲用脱脂奶/加入雙歧桿菌 (Bifidobacterium lactis HN019)的脱脂奶。結果發現在飲用加入HN019脱脂奶的階段後,長者血液中的免疫細胞如T細胞和人類自然殺手細胞(natural killer cells, NK cells)都有所增長;而增長幅度在原來免疫力較低的長者上更為明顯。可見雙歧桿菌 HN019能協助腸道調控免疫系統,達致預防呼吸道疾病的效果。另有針對3-5歲的上海兒童的研究發現,嗜酸乳桿菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus) NCFM能有效縮短上呼吸道感染症狀如發燒丶咳嗽丶流鼻水等時間達32%,且能有效減少31.8%因病而缺席上課的機會。益纖菌含100億雙歧桿菌 HN019及嗜酸乳桿菌 NCFM,是補充益生菌、增強免疫、防範冬季呼吸道感染的優質選擇。
參考資料/延伸閱讀:
<益生第一關> 2020/05/29--『呼吸道健康與腸道菌息息相關』
https://hskgene.com/blogs/probiolife-first/gut_lung_axis
<益生第一關> 2020/11/27--『口腔腸道益菌預防改善 秋冬呼吸道疾病』https://hskgene.com/blogs/probiolife-first/winter_health
<益生第一關> 2020/02/07--『識飲識食 護肺防疫』
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<益生第一關> 2020/01/17--『抗病防疫 需内外兼備』
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Easy Reading:
治呼吸道毛病卻開了通便藥?中醫師:腸道菌群失衡也可能影響肺 | 早安健康|06-19-2021
https://today.line.me/tw/v2/article/BBQwyz
新冠病毒不只傷肺!腸道毒素、免疫受損、肺部發炎都跟這件事有關 |早安健康| 06-18-2021
https://www.edh.tw/article/27416
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